History of philosophy Essay

The take apart of philosophical system whitethorn deal with every send out of gentleman life and can pilfer questions in whatever field of information or endeavor. ism pursues questions rather than dishs. ism is non bound by any particular truths that set limits to the desire to uphold asking questions. school of ruling changes historicly twain in respect to its content and its char flakeer. Definitions Etymologically, school of thought is derived from the classical word philein or philia importee love or friendship and sophia content lore. Hence, love of wisdom. The Chinese define ism as Zhe-Xue or Che Shueh ( fundally coined by Dr.Nishi Amane).Zhe essence wisdom while Xue heart and soul count. Significantly, the Chinese character Zhe bears the emblem of m turn outh and give which suggests the inseparability of spoken language and serve. This philosophical system is the translation of words into action or the application of opening into praxis. Hen ce, for the Chinese, school of thought individuals out a person to become on what he says. For the Hindus, ism is Darsana. Darsana delegacy eyesight, not altogether done the eyes however by dint of the whole being of the one that sees. In other words, philosophy for the Hindus means seeing the whole clement beings through a total advertence and involvement of the looker. school of thought refers to the field of argona of the process which let ins standards and guidelines for thought and for logic by which people interrupt concepts and principles which describe people, things and as yetts, and techniques for using the concept and principles for the project of observing, analyzing, to a lower placestanding, evaluating, organizing, and dealing with themselves and other people, things, and events who/which comp initiation reality (Kroepel, 2011) doctrine refers to a human let in the search of k same a shotledge and wisdom to facilitate the evolution of man.Philosoph y studies the constitutional genius of existence, of man, and of mans family to existence. CONCEPT OF philosophy In baffle to live, a man must act in regu late(a) to act, he must subscribe choices in order to make choices, he must define a code of determine in order to define a code of values, he must sock what he is and where he is, he must know his aver nature (including his means of knowledge) and the nature of the domain in which he acts. All of this things come out together, is the very concept of PHILOSOPHY. Origin of Philosophy occidental Philosophy began in Miletus ( accdg.to Reginald Ellen).The alkali of the claim lies on Thales the acclaimed rootage philosopher. Historically, Hesperian philosophy began in Greece. The word philosophy is even derived from the Greek language and means a love of wisdom. Ancient westbound philosophy had terzetto main tree weapones ethics, logic, and physics. These three branches thrust now broken into even smaller sub-sec tions, covering everything from epistemology to aesthetics. Socrates was a self-aggrandizing influence on westerly philosophy, and there was a pre-Socratic era that cover philosophical topics. easterly philosophy has its grow in morality, specifically the Abrahamic trusts (Islam, Judaism & Christianism). It is to a greater extent implicated with asking questions close to theology and how the ground relates to God. Abrahamic religions ( in like manner Abrahamism) are the monotheistic faiths of Middle Eastern origin, emphasizing and tracing their common origin to Abraham or recognizing a spiritual tradition identified with him. They are one of the major divisions in comparative religion, along with Indian religions (Dharmic) and East Asian religions (Taoist).Abraham was said to have lived during the Iron jump on well-nightime afterwards 2000 B. C. E. , in the city of Ur in Mesopotamia. The focus eastern philosophers seduced theories on knowledge and religion has led p eople to practice the philosophies of real philosophers without adopting all aspects of that branch. For example, some people may consider themselves believers in the Buddhist philosophy, but they never materially go and reverence Buddha. The eastern philosophers historically believed that religion was a large part of the study of philosophy. modern-day practices of eastern philosophy much reassign the religious part. Islam impacted much of what we now consider eastern philosophy, meaning that close to branches have a religious aspect. The approximately common branches of eastern philosophy include Taoism, Buddhism, Hinduism, Maoism, Shinto, Confucius, and Legalism. Both regions can attribute a large amount of current philosophical thought to some form of religion. The eastern land chose to embrace religion as their main pursuit of knowledge, while the westerly initiation broke philosophy into a bunch of different branches.Branches of Philosophy Epistemology This refers t o the branch of philosophy that is loosely defined as the study of knowledge. It answers the question, how do we know? It encompasses the nature of concepts, the construction of concepts, the effectuality of the senses, logical savvying, as well as thoughts, ideas, memories, emotions and all things mental. It is touch on with how our masterminds are related to reality, and whether these relationships are valid or invalid. Aesthetics refers to the branch of philosophy that is broadly speaking defined as the study of art.It answers the question, what life can be like? In philosophy, aesthetics is important because it delves into the reason why art has always existed to conjecture and express the desire and need of mankind through the ages to see the world in a different and clear way. It encourage evaluates art by using the standards of human life, and if whether it accomplishes the job of satisfying mans intellectual needs, or whether it tends to hurt or make worse of thos e needs. Metaphysics Literally means beyond physics, this refers to the branch of philosophy that is broadly defined as the study of existence.It answers the questions, What is out there? or What is real? As the foundation of philosophy, metaphysics is also regarded as the natural view of the world. It encompasses everything that exists, as well as the nature of existence itself. It determines whether the world is real, or merely an illusion. Ethics This refers to the branch of philosophy that is broadly defined as the study of action. It answers the question, what should I do? Ethics deals with the becoming course of action for man. Specifically, it answers whether or not a human act is soundly or bad.At a more fundamental level, Ethics can also be defined as the method acting by which people categorize values and pursue them. Logic It is the branch of philosophy that is broadly defined as the study of reason. It answers the question, what is correct reasoning? Furthermore, logic attempts to break a fact from fallacy. Politics It refers to the branch of philosophy that is broadly defined as the study of force. It answers the question, what acts are permissible? on a lower floor its philosophical perspective, politics is ethics use to a group of people. Brief report of Philosophy.Pre-Socratic Philosophy Characterized by the rejection of the mythological interpretation on the nature and phenomena in the domain. The thinkers under this time accomplishment were mainly bear on with the search for the true essence of things and make use of systematic and scientific climb in uncovering the realities in the universe. Pre-Socratic Philosophers Thales (c. 624 546 B. C. ) Greek philosopher who was regarded as the first philosopher in occidental tradition. He became cognise for positing that water is the single element that comprised all things in the universe.He also made famous the aphorism, know thy self. Anaximenes (c. 610 546 B. C. ) A student of Thales who postulated that air is the ejaculate of all things in the universe. His major contribution, however, was stating that zero can be created from nothing. Matter, force, and energy are indestructible. These ideas later reappeared in physics in the laws of the conservation of matter and energy. Anaximander He explained the world as originating in conflicts between contraries, such as hot and cold and prankish and dry. The cold partly dried up, go away the Earth and its water.The hot turned some water into mist and air, while the equilibrium ascended to form fiery rings in the heavens. Holes in the rings are the sun, moon, and stars. stainless PHILOSOPHY Classical Philosophy was chiefly characterized by the rise of the Great Greek Triumvirate Socrates, Plato & Aristotle. Classical Philosophers Socrates (c. 469 399 B. C. ) A Greek philosopher who became cognise as one of the intimately conspicuous philosopher in Ethics. Unlike his contemporaries, Socrates was mo re come to with how people should behave rather than how the world works. Plato (c. 428 348 B. C. )A student of Socrates who become know for through his dialogues which contained the presentation of his ideologies and theories in a conversational form. Aristotle (c. 384 322 B. C. ) He was the student of Plato and became cognize as the first thinker to create a comprehensive system of philosophy, embrace Ethics, Aesthetics, Politics, Metaphysics, Logic and Science. MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY gothic Philosophy was the period predominantly cool of philosophers who were concerned with proving the existence of God and with conciliate Christianity/Islam with the classical philosophy of Greece oddly that of Aristotle .This period also saw the establishment of the first universities, which became an important factor in the concomitant evolution of philosophy. Medieval Philosophers Avicenna (980 1037) A Persian philosopher, physician and polymath during the Golden get on with of Islam. As a philosopher and a devout Muslim, he tried to reconcile the keen Greek philosophy with Islamic theology. St. doubting Thomas Aquinas (1225 1274) An Italian philosopher and theologian who became a great influence on ensuant Christian philosophies, particularly that of the Roman Catholic Church.EARLY MODERN PHILOSOPHY betimes new-fashioned Philosophy. The rise of Modern Philosophy can be attributed to trusted historical and cultural changes that happened between the date of cerebrate during the 17th century and the Age of promised land during the 18th century. Among the changes during the said period were the rise in science, the growth of religious valuation account and the rise of liberalism (promotion of liberty and equality). Early Modern Philosophers Rene Descartes (1596 1650) A French philosopher, mathematician, scientist and writer of the Age of Reason.He has been called the Father of Modern Philosophy, and much of a subsequent occidental philosophy can be see n as a response for his writings. He is trusty for one of the best-known quotations in philosophy Cogito, ergo sum or I think, therefore I am (Mastin 2008). Baruch de Spinoza (1623 1677) a Dutch philosopher who was a modern-day of Descartes. Spinoza became famous for his belief that abruptly everything including human behaviour occurs through the surgical operation of necessity, leaving absolutely no populate for free will and spontaneity.Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646 1716) A German philosopher, mathematician, scientist and polymath who postulated the concept of monads which refers to the ultimate element of the universe from which all things, including human beings and God himself are made of. Immanuel Kant (1724 1804) A German philosopher during the Age of Enlightenment. He is regarded as one of the most famous thinkers in modern philosophy. His contributions in all branches of philosophy are often described as being, immeasurable. Kants Copernican Revolution.One of the most normal Kantian theories which states that the representation of an object greatly helps the perceiver to perceive a certain object and not the object per se. To endue it more accurately, tangible materials (such as the actual glass) are less important in perceiving the glass. What is important is how we engender the glassness of the glass through experience. Kant believed that the human mind can be compared to a tabula rasa (blank tablet). Examples It is like a data processor with no operating system. A information processing system with no O. S. should be installed with various programs to affair properly.A new born plunder should be exposed with positive experiences which may affect his lifestyle and manner on how he/she perceive things. MODERN PHILOSOPHY Modern Philosophy. The modern period of philosophy generally refers to the 19th and 20th centuries. The late 20th Century which is sometimes referred to as the contemporary period, became the venue of major developme nt in philosophy characterized by the rise of new philosophical movements. Modern Philosophers Jeremy Bentham (1748 1832) An face philosopher, political radical and legal and friendly reformer of the early modern period.He became the founder of the Utilitarianism which refers to the principle that holds that the right action is that which would cause the superior happiness of the greatest number. John Stuart Mill (1806 1873) An English philosopher and political scientist who was the protege of Bentham and conducted major improvements on the principles of Utilitarianism. Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (pronounced NEE-cha) (1844 1900) A 19th Century German philosopher who was known for challenging the foundations of Christianity and traditional morality, famously uttering, God is Dead.EASTERN & Hesperian PHILOSOPHIES AN OVERVIEW westerly Philosophy Refers to the philosophical idea in the occidental or Occidental world, particularly in Europe. Historically, it refers to the phi losophical thinking of Western civilization, ascendent in ancient Greece. Western thought puts more emphasis on individualism, science, math, and politics hence, quick-scented and materialistic. It can be seen as the triumph of reason and sensationalism over faith/religion a search involving many questions. Eastern Philosophy.Refers broadly to the various philosophies in the Eastern or Oriental world, particularly Asia and some Arab countries. Historically, it is heavily influenced by Hinduism the worlds oldest religion, beginning in India. Eastern thought puts more emphasis on interdependence (of human beings and nature), harmony, unity, and faith hence, meditative and spiritual. It can be seen as the triumph of faith/religion over science and reason an answer following realization. KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF EASTERN & WESTERN PHILOSOPHIES Western Philosophy.Is rational because most western thought focused on better epistemology and logic. It emphasized that it is the individ ual using his/her rational ability to deduce the truth about the things around him/her, and this ramifys the individual as a subjective mind different from objective reality Nature, God, the Universe. Eastern Philosophy In the East, philosophers have been more concerned with ordaining friendship in a harmonious manner, determination humanitys proper place in society and nature, acting and thinking in a way that would agitate unity and order in the universe.It does not have to rely on rationality and often tries to transcend individuality itself to show a persons innate sameness with the universe/nature. Reason is in fact seen as a stumbling barricado to truly understand reality. It focuses on how to live and tends to accept the way things are. Eastern thought is focused more on the mind and the spirit/soul, tending to offer a different level of internal experience (meditative) from which to draw conclusions. Thus, it would be hard to separate philosophy and religion.